Caffeine Metabolism
Caffeine is metabolized by the liver, primarily by the enzyme CYP1A2, which can vary greatly in activity among individuals. This variability affects how quickly caffeine is processed and its overall effects.
Bone Health and Caffeine
Excessive caffeine consumption can lead to decreased calcium absorption, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures as individuals age.
Pregnancy Considerations
During pregnancy, excessive caffeine intake has been associated with increased risks of miscarriage and developmental issues in the fetus, hence the recommendation to limit intake.
Diuretic Effects
Caffeine has a mild diuretic effect, increasing urine production by inhibiting the action of a hormone called vasopressin, which regulates water retention in the body.
Acid Reflux and Caffeine
Caffeine can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, potentially leading to acid reflux or heartburn in sensitive individuals when consuming caffeinated beverages.
Anxiety and Tremors
High caffeine intake can exacerbate anxiety disorders and cause physical symptoms like tremors due to increased catecholamine release, which stimulates the nervous system.
Caffeine and Exercise
Caffeine can enhance physical performance by increasing adrenaline levels, which may result in improved endurance and reduced perceived effort during exercise.
Blood Pressure Impact
Caffeine can temporarily raise blood pressure by causing a release of catecholamines, which constrict blood vessels and increase heart output, especially in those not accustomed to caffeine.